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Within six months of going to Washington as the Vice President, Arthur replaced Garfield as president, after Garfield died from wounds received in a July assassination. And soon after assuming the presidency, Arthur set his own independent course for his remaining three years in office. The new president fought the spoils patronage system he supported in New York, advocated tariff relief for businesses, and demanded breaks for taxpayers. Although he was in pain and ill health for the rest of his presidency, Arthur championed reforms of the patronage system.
In , he signed the Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act, which banned kickbacks in the civil service system and made merit, and not patronage, the basis for promotion and pay.
Arthur also wanted lower tariffs and less patronage because he thought the huge government budget surpluses in the s should be lowered, through lower tax rates and money returned to taxpayers.
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